As i have mentioned last time ,
i will post something about lupus erythematosus --
a kind of disease
that is known by few people.
many people may heard of it before
but they may not know it very well,
and i believe it is necessary for us to know something about it.
Lupus erythematosus is a
connective tissue disease.
Lupus is a chronic inflammatory disease
that occurs when the body's immune system
attacks its own tissues and organs.
Inflammation caused by lupus
can affect many different body systems,
including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs.
Lupus occurs more frequently in women than in men
although the reasons for this are unknown.
Four types of lupus exist — systemic lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus,
druginduced lupus erythematosus and neonatal lupus. Of these,
systemic lupus erythematosus is the most common and serious form of lupus.
With treatment, most people with lupus can lead active lives.
This is what i found on wikipedia. An online encyclopedia ,and whenever i have problems ,
i will consult it.
It is just like one of my teachers ,
By the way ,
I once heard my mom say that one of my aunts
suffers from lupus erythematosus .
so it may be not a very serious disease.
But its name is indeed very scary ,
I read an article on american economy lat week
And it had 31 pages.
And of course it was in english,
I forced myself to read it .
And i only had a vague understanding of it.
It talked about america paying to those executives whose company was in trouble.
But of course not all the executives in all the companies can have the chance ,
only seven companies have the opportunitiy,
such as citibank , bank of america and so on,
And this behaviour has aroused great debates among the public.
And i think there are some reasons for the united states to do this,
Because it has to maintain the operation of those big companies .
once those companies bankrupted ,they would caused serious trouble for the country,
But i think the amount of money should be limited
because the wages of those executives are so high ,
and they ought to claim responsibilities for the losses of their companies,
What i want to say is that ,i quitted reading it when i reached page 24 ,
I just could not bear it anymore,
It was so boring ,
I just can't imagine the life of those students in the economics department..
Next i would like to focus on the history of cakes,
The history of cake dates back to ancient times.
The first cakes were very different from what we eat today.
They were more bread-like and sweetened with honey.
Nuts and dried fruits were often added.
According to the food historians,
the ancient Egyptians were the first culture to
show evidence of advanced baking skills.
The Oxford English Dictionary traces the English word cake
back to the 13th century.
It is a derivation of 'kaka', an Old Norse word.
Medieval European bakers often made fruitcakes and gingerbread.
These foods could last for many months.
According to the food historians,
the precursors of modern cakes (round ones with icing)
were first baked in Europe sometime in the mid-17th century.
This is due to primarily to advances in technology
(more reliable ovens, manufacture/availability of food molds)
and ingredient availability (refined sugar).
At that time cake hoops--round molds for shaping cakes
that were placed on flat baking trays--were popular.
They could be made of metal,wood or paper.
Some were adjustable.
Cake pans were sometimes used.
The first icing were usually a boiled composition
of the finest available sugar, egg whites and [sometimes] flavorings.
This icing was poured on the cake.
The cake was then returned to the oven for a while.
When removed the icing cooled quickly to form a hard, glossy [ice-like] covering.
Many cakes made at this time still contained dried fruits
(raisins, currants, citrons).
It was not until the middle of the 19th century
that cake as we know it today
(made with extra refined white flour and baking powder instead of yeast)
arrived on the scene.
A brief history of baking powder.
The Cassell's New Universal Cookery Book [London, 1894]
contains a recipe for layer cake, American (p. 1031). Butter-cream frostings (using butter, cream, confectioners [powdered] sugar and flavorings)
began replacing traditional boiled icings in first few decades 20th century.
In France, Antonin Careme [1784-1833] is considered
THE premier historic chef
of the modern pastry/cake world.
You will find references to him in French culinary history books.
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